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Al-Ashraf Khalil
Al-Malik al-Ashraf Salāh al-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn ((アラビア語: الملك الأشرف صلاح الدين خليل بن قلاوون)); (c.1262 – 14 December 1293) was the eighth Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1290 until his assassination in December, 1293. He is most famous for conquering the last of the Crusader states in Palestine with the capture of Acre in 1291.
==Background==
Al-Ashraf Khalil, the 8th Kipchak Turkic Sultan of Egypt〔Ibn-Taghri, p.4/ vol.8〕 was born in Cairo, the son of Sultan Qalawun. He became heir to the Sultanate and was named co-sultan with his father shortly after the sudden death of his older brother as-Salih Ali in 1288.〔Opponents of Khalil believed that Khalil himself poisoned as-Salih ali. Al-Maqrizi, p.207/ vol.2〕 During the investiture, Khalil faced a formal problem as the succession document was not signed by his late father. According to the ceremony judge, Fath ad-Din Abdul Zahir, his father refused to sign the document before his death saying: "Fath ad-Din, I can not let Khalil rule the Muslims".〔Al-Maqrizi,p.219/ vol.2. Ibn Taghri, p.3/ vol.8. Whether this was a conspiracy of opposing Emirs or not is not clear.〕 When Khalil saw the document without his father's signature he said: "Fath ad-Din, the sultan declined to give it to me, but God gave it to me" and he was inaugurated.〔Ibn Taghri, p.3/ vol. 8〕〔Al-Maqrizi, p.218 / vol. 2〕 Qalawun's vice-Sultan, Hosam ad-Din Turuntay and Emir Kitbugha, were arrested by Khalil and Turuntay was executed as he led a conspiracy to kill him but Kitbugha was later released.〔Al-Ashraf Khalil learned that Turuntay was plotting to kill him. He called him to the citadel with Kitbugha and executed him. Khalil had hated Turuntay since the days of his father Qalawun as Turuntay liked his brother as-Salih Ali and disliked him and his followers. After executing Tarantay, Khalil said: "Who lives one day longer than his enemy fulfills all his wishes". Al-Maqrizi p.219/ vol.2〕 While Baydara al-Mansuri〔Baydara al-Mansuri was the Vizier of Sultan Qalawun. When Al-Ashraf Khalil became a Sultan, Baydara replaced Turuntay as vice-sultan. Al-Maqrizi, p.217 and p.219/vol.2〕 became the new Vice-Sultan, Hosam ad-Din Lajin〔Hosam ad-Din Lajin was the deputy of Sultan Qalawun in Damascus. When Al-Ashraf Khalil took the power, Lajin was deposed and arrested and brought to Cairo to be executed but he was pardoned and received back his post in Damascus after Emir Badr al-Din Baydara al-Mansuri pleaded for him. Lajin became the Sultan of Egypt later in 1297. Al-Maqrizi, p.274/ vol.2. See also Lajin.〕 became the deputy of the Sultan in Syria and Ibn al-Salus〔Ibn al-Salus Shams ad-Din Muhammed was a Damascene merchant who became a ''Muhtasib'' (supervisor of markets). During Qalawun's reign, Al-Asraf Khalil brought him to Cairo and made him his secretary but Qalawun persecuted him. After the death of Qalawun, Sultan Al-Ashraf granted him the post of Vizier. Ibn Taghri, p.14/note 2/ vol.8〕 was granted the post of vizier. After Khalil liquidated his opponents and secured his position he was ready to complete the work which his father did not finish, namely the recapturing of the last strongholds of the Franks situated on the Syrian coast.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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